Exosome swarms eliminate airway pathogens and provide passive epithelial immunoprotection through nitric oxide

Publication date: Available online 12 November 2018

Source: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology

Author(s): Angela L. Nocera, Sarina K. Mueller, Jules R. Stephan, Loretta Hing, Philip Seifert, Xue Han, Derrick T. Lin, Mansoor M. Amiji, Towia Libermann, Benjamin S. Bleier

Background

Nasal mucosa–derived exosomes (NMDEs) harbor immunodefensive proteins and are capable of rapid interepithelial protein transfer.

Objectives

We sought to determine whether mucosal exposure to inhaled pathogens stimulates a defensive swarm of microbiocidal exosomes, which also donate their antimicrobial cargo to adjacent epithelial cells.

Methods

We performed an institutional review board–approved study of healthy NMDE secretion after Toll-like receptor (TLR) 4 stimulation by LPS (12.5 μg/mL) in the presence of TLR4 inhibitors. Interepithelial transfer of exosomal nitric oxide (NO) synthase and nitric oxide was measured by using ELISAs and NO activity assays. Exosomal antimicrobial assays were performed with Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Proteomic analyses were performed by using SOMAscan.

Results

In vivo and in vitro LPS exposure induced a 2-fold increase in NMDE secretion along with a 2-fold increase in exosomal inducible nitric oxide synthase expression and function through TLR4 and inhibitor of nuclear factor κB kinase activation. LPS stimulation increased exosomal microbiocidal activity against P aeruginosa by almost 2 orders of magnitude. LPS-stimulated exosomes induced a 4-fold increase in NO production within autologous epithelial cells with protein transfer within 5 minutes of contact. Pathway analysis of the NMDE proteome revealed 44 additional proteins associated with NO signaling and innate immune function.

Conclusions

We provide direct in vivo evidence for a novel exosome-mediated innate immunosurveillance and defense mechanism of the human upper airway. These findings have implications for lower airway innate immunity, delivery of airway therapeutics, and host microbiome regulation.

Graphical abstract

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