Phonotraumatic Injury in Fitness Instructors: Risk Factors, Diagnoses, and Treatment Methods

Fitness instructors are at risk for phonotraumatic injury caused by a combination of occupation-driven environmental and physiologic factors.

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Voice Changes During Pregnancy Trimesters in Iranian Pregnant Women

This study aimed to evaluate the vocal changes in the Iranian pregnant women according to trimesters both objectively and subjectively.

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Experimental peri-implant mucositis around titanium and zirconia implants in comparison to a natural tooth: part 2—clinical and microbiological parameters

The aim of this study was to assess the clinical and microbiological parameters around dental zirconia and titanium implants compared with natural teeth during experimental plaque accumulation. Clinical parameters were evaluated (gingival index, plaque index, bleeding on probing, and probing pocket depth). Microbiological samples were analyzed for total bacterial cell counts, as well as Tannerella forsythia and Prevotella intermedia counts. A statistically significant difference over time was observed in the groups in terms of the gingival index (P<0.001), plaque index (P<0.001), and bleeding on probing (P=0.039).

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Hydrophilic modification of sandblasted and acid-etched implants improves stability during early healing: a human double-blind randomized controlled trial

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Oral health management in patients with depression

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To: Editor, The Angle Orthodontist Response to: Recovery of multiple impacted maxillary teeth in a hyperdivergent Class I patient using temporary skeletal anchorage devices and augmented corticotomy. Kyung A. Kim; Hyeon-Shik Hwang; Kyu-Rhim Chung; Seong-Hun Kim; Gerald Nelson. Angle Orthod. 2018;88:107-121.

Related Articles

To: Editor, The Angle Orthodontist Response to: Recovery of multiple impacted maxillary teeth in a hyperdivergent Class I patient using temporary skeletal anchorage devices and augmented corticotomy. Kyung A. Kim; Hyeon-Shik Hwang; Kyu-Rhim Chung; Seong-Hun Kim; Gerald Nelson. Angle Orthod. 2018;88:107-121.

Angle Orthod. 2018 Nov;88(6):843

Authors: Isola G, Matarese G

PMID: 30379589 [PubMed - in process]

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To: Editor, The Angle Orthodontist Response to: Recovery of multiple impacted maxillary teeth in a hyperdivergent Class I patient using temporary skeletal anchorage devices and augmented corticotomy. Kyung A. Kim; Hyeon-Shik Hwang; Kyu-Rhim Chung; Seong-Hun Kim; Gerald Nelson. Angle Orthod. 2018;88:107-121.

Related Articles

To: Editor, The Angle Orthodontist Response to: Recovery of multiple impacted maxillary teeth in a hyperdivergent Class I patient using temporary skeletal anchorage devices and augmented corticotomy. Kyung A. Kim; Hyeon-Shik Hwang; Kyu-Rhim Chung; Seong-Hun Kim; Gerald Nelson. Angle Orthod. 2018;88:107-121.

Angle Orthod. 2018 Nov;88(6):844

Authors: Kim KA, Kim SH

PMID: 30379588 [PubMed - in process]

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In Memory of Robert J. Isaacson.

Related Articles

In Memory of Robert J. Isaacson.

Angle Orthod. 2018 Nov;88(6):669-671

Authors: Lindauer SJ

PMID: 30379587 [PubMed - in process]

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Self-driven cars, self-driven patients, and company-driven orthodontists?

Related Articles

Self-driven cars, self-driven patients, and company-driven orthodontists?

Angle Orthod. 2018 Nov;88(6):841-842

Authors: Batista KBDSL

PMID: 30379585 [PubMed - in process]

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Whither orthodontics?

Related Articles

Whither orthodontics?

Angle Orthod. 2018 Nov;88(6):672-674

Authors: Peck S

Abstract
What is the destiny, the future, for orthodontics and its specialists? It is disappointing that industry is leading our thinking these days. Much of our professional life centers around the device- and machine-based techniques, claims, and marketing of manufacturers. When did our passive role as followers happen and why? We may begin to reclaim control of our specialty by revising some aspects of our training programs and journal formats. Meanwhile, we may go back several decades in the literature and find useful insights from clinical sages-applied scientists-who were clearheaded, truthful, and science-based observers, writing before the industrial manipulation and noise we now have to compete with.

PMID: 30379584 [PubMed - in process]

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Dr. Travis Nelson named acting chair of Pediatric Dentistry

Dr. Travis Nelson, clinic chief of the University of Washington's Center for Pediatric Dentistry, has been named acting chair of the UW School of Dentistry's Department of Pediatric Dentistry, the school has announced. The appointment, which takes effect Nov. 1, is pending approval by the UW Board of Regents.

The post Dr. Travis Nelson named acting chair of Pediatric Dentistry appeared first on UW School of Dentistry.

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Influence of foraminal enlargement on the healing of periapical lesions in rat molars

Abstract

Objectives

The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of foraminal enlargement on the healing of induced apical periodontitis in a rat model.

Material and methods

Periapical lesions were bilaterally induced in mandibular first molars of 24 Wistar rats, through root canals exposure to the oral environment during 3 weeks. Endodontic treatment was performed in the mesial canal of right molars, which were separated into two experimental groups (n = 12/group). The foraminal enlargement group (FEG) received instrumentation in the entire root canal length, including the cemental canal, while in the non-foraminal enlargement group (NFEG), instrumentation was carried out 1 mm short of the apical foramen. Root canals were filled with gutta-percha and AH Plus sealer, in the same visit, 1 mm short of the apical foramen in both experimental groups. Left molars were not treated and served as a baseline control group. The animals were killed after 4 weeks, and their hemi-mandibles were prepared for radiographic and histological analysis. Data were analyzed by Student's t test and ANOVA.

Results

Only FEG presented lower areas of periapical radiolucency compared to the control (p < .05). Both FEG and NFEG allowed decreased inflammation intensity (p < .0001 and p < .01) and higher scores of cementum neoformation when compared to non-treated samples (p < .0001). FEG was more effective than NFEG in promoting biological seal, i.e., apical closure with cementum (p < .01). FEG, but not NFEG, showed lower scores of root resorption than the control.

Conclusions

Foraminal enlargement during root canal preparation improved periapical healing in rat molars.

Clinical significance

Foraminal enlargement has been suggested to improve disinfection at the apical portion of root canals. This procedure may favor the healing of chronic periapical lesions.

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Sex-Associated Differential mRNA Expression of Cytokines and Its Regulation by Sex Steroids in Different Brain Regions in a Plasmodium berghei ANKA Model of Cerebral Malaria

Cerebral malaria (CM) is the major complication associated with death in malaria patients, and its pathogenesis is associated with excessive proinflammatory cytokine production. Notably, the severity and mortality of natural infections with Plasmodium are higher in males than females, suggesting that sexual hormones influence both the pathogenesis of and immune response in CM. However, no studies on inflammation mediators in the brains of both sexes have been reported. In this work, the mRNA expression levels of the proinflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IFN-γ, TNF-α, and IL-2 were measured in the preoptic area, hypothalamus, hippocampus, olfactory bulb, frontal cortex, and lateral cortex regions of gonadectomized female and male CBA/Ca mice infected with P. berghei ANKA (a recognized experimental CM model). Our findings demonstrate that both infection with P. berghei ANKA and gonadectomy trigger a cerebral sex dimorphic mRNA expression pattern of the cytokines IL-1β, TNF-α, IFN-γ, and IL-2. This dimorphic cytokine pattern was different in each brain region analysed. In most cases, infected males exhibited higher mRNA expression levels than females, suggesting that sexual hormones differentially regulate the mRNA expression of proinflammatory cytokines in the brain and the potential use of gonadal steroids or their derivates in the immunomodulation of cerebral malaria.

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Relationship between current smoking, visual CT findings and emphysema index in cigarette smokers

Publication date: Available online 31 October 2018

Source: Clinical Imaging

Author(s): Sung Shick Jou, Kunihiro Yagihashi, Jordan Alexander Zach, David Lynch, Young Ju Suh, COPDGene Investigators

Abstract

Purpose

To evaluate whether visual CT findings could account for the effect of current smoking.

Methods

500 CT scans were visually evaluated within each lobe. A multivariate model for emphysema index was constructed containing previously described confounders in addition to the visual components associated with smoking status.

Results

Current smokers displayed 23% less visual emphysema, 19% more airway wall thickening, and 188% more centrilogular nodule than former smokers (all p < 0.001). The effect of current smoking on the emphysema index decreased after adjustment with confounders and visual parameters.

Conclusions

Visual CT findings could partially account for the effect of current smoking.

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Editorial Board

Publication date: December 2018

Source: Archives of Oral Biology, Volume 96

Author(s):

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Wettability of 3 different artificial saliva substitutes on heat-polymerized acrylic resin

Publication date: Available online 31 October 2018

Source: The Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry

Author(s): Niraja Jaiswal, Pravinkumar G. Patil, Arti Gangurde, Rambhau D. Parkhedkar

Abstract

Statement of problem

The prosthodontic problems faced by a patient with xerostomia are of great concern. To aid in retention, artificial saliva substitutes should exhibit good wettability on the denture base.

Purpose

The purpose of this in vitro study was to evaluate the wettability of 3 different artificial saliva substitutes on heat-polymerized acrylic resin and to compare these properties with natural saliva and distilled water.

Material and methods

A total of 150 heat-polymerized acrylic resin specimens were prepared with 25×15×2 mm dimensions. The specimens were divided into 5 groups (n=30): human saliva, distilled water, Aqwet, Mouth Kote, and Stoppers 4. The advancing and receding contact angle values were measured by using a goniometer, and the contact angle hysteresis and equilibrium angle were calculated. One-way ANOVA and the Bonferroni multiple comparisons test were performed to determine the difference between contact angle values among the groups (α=.05).

Results

The means of the 5 groups differed significantly (P<.05). The comparison between human saliva and Aqwet showed no significant difference for advancing contact angle, receding contact angle, contact angle hysteresis, or equilibrium contact angle, while comparison between the remaining groups indicated statistically significant (P<.05) results. All 3 saliva substitutes used in this study (Aqwet, Mouth Kote, and Stoppers 4) had significantly better wetting properties than distilled water.

Conclusions

Human saliva had the lowest advancing, receding, and equilibrium contact angle values and the highest angle of hysteresis on heat-polymerized acrylic resin. Aqwet had better wetting ability than the other artificial salivary substitutes tested and was comparable to the human saliva on heat-polymerized acrylic resin. All saliva substitutes have better wetting properties than distilled water.

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A comparison of the marginal and internal fit of porcelain laminate veneers fabricated by pressing and CAD-CAM milling and cemented with 2 different resin cements

Publication date: Available online 31 October 2018

Source: The Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry

Author(s): Ziad N. Al-Dwairi, Rana M. Alkhatatbeh, Nadim Z. Baba, Charles J. Goodacre

Abstract

Statement of problem

The marginal and internal adaptations of porcelain laminate veneers (PLVs) are key elements in their long-term success. However, the marginal and internal fit obtained with a pressable material compared with computer-aided design and computer-aided manufacturing (CAD-CAM) needs further investigation as does the choice of cement used.

Purpose

The purpose of this in vitro study was to evaluate the marginal and internal fit of PLVs fabricated using pressing and CAD-CAM milling and cemented using 2 types of composite resin cement.

Material and methods

Twenty PLVs were fabricated from VITA PM9 pressable material, and 20 veneers were milled using VITA Blocs Mark II. Veneers were cemented to composite resin dies using either RelyX Veneer cement or Variolink-N cement. Specimens were embedded in clear resin and sectioned incisogingivally and mesiodistally. Marginal discrepancy at the incisal and cervical positions and the internal gap at 6 different locations were evaluated by using a scanning electron microscope. Two-way ANOVA followed by Tukey multiple comparisons were used to examine difference among groups (α=.05).

Results

The cement and fabrication methods did not show any significant effect for absolute marginal gap (AMG) at the incisal edge, AMG at the cervical margin or marginal gap at the incisal edge. However, both had a significant effect on marginal gap at the cervical margin (P=.038 for the fabrication method and P=.050 for the cement used). Also, both cement and fabrication methods had a significant effect on internal gap average (P<.001). The lowest gap values were reported for veneers fabricated from VITA PM9 by using the press technique and cemented with RelyX Veneer cement. When the position of gap measurements was taken into consideration, it was the only significant factor (P<.001 for the effect of position on AMG and P<.001 for the effect of position on marginal gap). Gaps at the cervical position were significantly lower than gaps at the incisal position.

Conclusions

Smaller marginal and internal discrepancies were recorded for PLVs fabricated by using the pressing technique and cemented using RelyX Veneer cement compared with milled veneers and Variolink-N cement. Larger discrepancies were present incisally than cervically.

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Treatment of peri-implant recession with a screw-retained, interim implant restoration: A clinical report

Publication date: Available online 31 October 2018

Source: The Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry

Author(s): Todd R. Schoenbaum, Gary S. Solnit, Sam Alawie, Steven J. Sadowsky

Abstract

This clinical report describes a patient with an osseointegrated implant and definitive restoration of the maxillary right lateral incisor who was seeking resolution of the recession of the peri-implant tissues which revealed the underlying zirconia abutment. The patient had previously received a connective tissue graft in an unsuccessful attempt to resolve the recession. An undercontoured interim restoration that allowed for soft tissue coronal migration resolved the soft tissue deficiency.

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Integration of intraoral digital impressions with a 3D facial scan for anterior tooth rehabilitation

Publication date: Available online 31 October 2018

Source: The Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry

Author(s): Ji-Man Park, Kyung Chul Oh, June-Sung Shim

Abstract

This article describes a digital technique that combines intraoral digital impressions with a 3-dimensional facial scan to predict the outcome of prosthodontic treatment of anterior teeth at the treatment planning phase. This approach may increase patient acceptance of the definitive treatment, as the altered facial appearance is visualized with definitive prosthodontic restorations, thereby improving communication before treatment begins.

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Enamel wear and aging of translucent zirconias: In vitro and clinical studies

Publication date: Available online 31 October 2018

Source: The Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry

Author(s): Seung-Won Yang, Jong-Eun Kim, Yooseok Shin, June-Sung Shim, Jee-Hwan Kim

Abstract

Statement of problem

Zirconia is a widely used restorative material. However, phase transformation on clinical application of zirconia has not yet been studied.

Purpose

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the wear, surface roughness, and aging associated with polished translucent zirconia in both in vitro and clinical experiments.

Material and methods

In vitro experiments were performed with Rainbow and Katana zirconia blocks and natural tooth enamel as the control. They were subjected to 100 000 loading cycles with a maxillary premolar antagonist. All specimens were analyzed for wear, and the zirconia specimens were evaluated for surface roughness and monoclinic phase (m-phase) transformation by x-ray diffractometry before and after cyclic loading. The clinical study included participants who required single-crown implant-supported restorations replacing the first or second molar. The participants received Rainbow or Katana zirconia prostheses (n=15, each). For wear analysis, impressions of each prosthesis, antagonist, and adjacent tooth were made at 1 week and 6 months after crown delivery. The occlusal relationship of the crowns in maximum intercuspation was evaluated by using the T-Scan 8 occlusal diagnostic system. The degree of transformation of zirconia to the m-phase was measured by using x-ray diffractometry of the crowns after 6 months of use.

Results

Zirconia induced significantly greater enamel wear than the natural tooth control. Katana specimens exhibited significantly greater wear and surface roughness than the Rainbow specimens. The degrees of antagonistic wear and zirconia phase transformation in the clinical experiment were significantly greater than those in the in vitro experiment. The Katana groups showed significantly higher m-phase levels than the Rainbow groups.

Conclusions

Phase transformation of zirconia occurs within 6 months of clinical use, and the wear and degrees of phase transformation varied according to the zirconia product used.

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In vitro variation measurement of mandibular denture displacement resistance involving 1 to 3 implants

Publication date: Available online 31 October 2018

Source: The Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry

Author(s): Kaidiliya Yalikun, Manabu Kanazawa, Mariko Tanoue, Shunsuke Minakuchi

Abstract

Statement of problem

Single-implant–retained mandibular overdentures (1-IODs) may be an alternative to 2-IOD for maladaptive denture patients giving comparable satisfaction, lower cost, and shorter treatment times. However, studies evaluating the effect of the number of implants on the strain exerted around the implants of IODs using strain-gauge analysis are lacking.

Purpose

The purpose of this in vitro study was to evaluate the effect of the number of implants on the strain in an IOD under various loading and dislodging conditions.

Material and methods

A mandibular IOD with the Locator attachment system (pink nylon inserts) was fabricated on artificial mucosa. Three implant positions recorded the loading: 1-IOD (mid-anterior), 2-IOD (bilateral lateral incisor), and 3-IOD (mid-anterior and bilateral canine) were prepared. Strain gauges attached to the mid-anterior implant replica for the 1-IOD, the left lateral incisor replica for the 2-IOD, and the anterior and left canine replicas for the 3-IOD. Vertical loads of 50 N were applied to the experimental overdenture in the mid-anterior and right molar and left molar regions. Three dislodging tests were performed in 3 different areas: mid-anterior, posterior, and mid-anterior and bilateral molar. Six measurements were made under each loading and dislodging condition for each IOD (N=6). During the calibration test, the resultant strain measured by strain gauge was converted into a lateral force (F) value by using linear regression: F_{anterior-posterior}(N)=1.08×strain (με), F_{posterior-anterior}(N)=0.192×strain (με), F_left-right(N)=0.590×strain (με), F_right-left(N)=0.560×strain (με). Statistical analysis was performed by using 1-way ANOVA and the Tukey honestly significant difference test (α=.05).

Results

The 3-IOD demonstrated the significantly highest strain under loading and dislodging conditions (P<.05). The 1-IOD demonstrated the significantly highest strain during right-side loading (P<.05). Upon anterior and left-side loading, no significant difference was noted in strain between the 1-IOD and 2-IOD (P=.413, P=.272). Under dislodging conditions, the 1-IOD exhibited the significantly lowest strain (P<.05).

Conclusions

Within the limitations of this study, the 3-IOD demonstrated the highest lateral resistance force during load and dislodge testing, whereas the 1-IOD exhibited the lowest.

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Letter to the Editor Regarding Survey Research: A Primer for the Academic Radiologist

Publication date: Available online 31 October 2018

Source: Academic Radiology

Author(s): Christopher M. Straus, Andrew W Phillips

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Three-dimensional soft tissue prediction in orthognathic surgery: a clinical comparison of Dolphin, ProPlan CMF, and probabilistic finite element modelling

Publication date: Available online 31 October 2018

Source: International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery

Author(s): P.G.M. Knoops, A. Borghi, R.W.F. Breakey, J. Ong, N.U.O. Jeelani, R. Bruun, S. Schievano, D.J. Dunaway, B.L. Padwa

Abstract

Three-dimensional surgical planning is used widely in orthognathic surgery. Although numerous computer programs exist, the accuracy of soft tissue prediction remains uncertain. The purpose of this study was to compare the prediction accuracy of Dolphin, ProPlan CMF, and a probabilistic finite element method (PFEM). Seven patients (mean age 18 years; five female) who had undergone Le Fort I osteotomy with preoperative and 1-year postoperative cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) were included. The three programs were used for soft tissue prediction using planned and postoperative maxillary position, and these were compared to postoperative CBCT. Accurate predictions were obtained with each program, indicated by root mean square distances: RMS_Dolphin = 1.8 ± 0.8 mm, RMS_ProPlan = 1.2 ± 0.4 mm, and RMS_PFEM = 1.3 ± 0.4 mm. Dolphin utilizes a landmark-based algorithm allowing for patient-specific bone-to-soft tissue ratios, which works well for cephalometric radiographs but has limited three-dimensional accuracy, whilst ProPlan and PFEM provide better three-dimensional predictions with continuous displacements. Patient or population-specific material properties can be defined in PFEM, while no soft tissue parameters are adjustable in ProPlan. Important clinical considerations are the topological differences between predictions due to the three algorithms, the non-negligible influence of the mismatch between planned and postoperative maxillary position, and the learning curve associated with sophisticated programs like PFEM.

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Efficacy and safety of rupatadine in Japanese patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis: A double-blind, randomized, multicenter, placebo-controlled clinical trial

Publication date: Available online 31 October 2018

Source: Allergology International

Author(s): Kimihiro Okubo, Takamasa Suzuki, Ayaka Tanaka, Hiroshi Aoki

Abstract

Background

Rupatadine is a novel non-sedating second-generation H₁-antihistamine with antiplatelet-activating factor activity, first marketed in Spain in 2003. It is used for treating allergic rhinitis in more than 80 countries. This study investigated its efficacy and safety in Japanese patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis (SAR).

Methods

This was a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind study conducted at 4 medical institutions in Japan (JapicCTI-152785). Adolescent and adult SAR outpatients aged 12–64 years entered a 1-week placebo run-in period. After eligibility was confirmed, patients orally received placebo, rupatadine 10 mg, or 20 mg once daily for 2 weeks. The primary endpoint was a change from baseline to second week of treatment in total 4 nasal symptom score (T4NSS).

Results

Nine hundred patients were randomly assigned to placebo, rupatadine 10 mg, or rupatadine 20 mg (302, 298, and 300 patients, respectively). The least squares mean difference in the primary endpoint between rupatadine and placebo was −1.085 for 10 mg, and −1.415 for 20 mg (analysis of covariance, both P < 0.001). The rates of adverse events were 6.6%, 14.1%, and 15.0% for placebo, rupatadine 10 mg, and rupatadine 20 mg, respectively. Somnolence was most frequently reported: 7.0% for rupatadine 10 mg and 7.3% for rupatadine 20 mg. No serious adverse drug reactions were observed, and no adverse events resulted in premature discontinuation.

Conclusions

Rupatadine 10 and 20 mg were significantly superior to placebo in improving nasal and ocular symptoms of SAR, and were well tolerated.

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Associations of Speaking-Voice Parameters With Personality and Behavior in School-Aged Children

Publication date: Available online 31 October 2018

Source: Journal of Voice

Author(s): T Poulain, M Fuchs, M Vogel, A Jurkutat, A Hiemisch, W Kiess, T Berger

Abstract

Objectives

Previous studies suggest a link between voice disorders and personality traits. However, nearly nothing is known about the relationship between personality and voice parameters in healthy children. The present study investigated associations between children's personality and the intensity and frequency of their speaking voice.

Study Design

This is a cross-sectional analysis.

Methods

The study participants included 871 German children aged from 7 to 14 who had not yet experienced voice change in puberty. Within the framework of the LIFE Child study, all participants were asked to perform a speaking-voice task at four different intensity levels (quietest, conversational, presentation, and shouting voice). Associations of fundamental frequency and voice intensity with children's personality and behavioral strengths and difficulties (assessed using parent-reported questionnaires) were estimated using multiple linear regression analyses.

Results

With respect to children's personality, the analyses revealed significant positive associations between speaking-voice intensity and extraversion (eg, for the conversational voice, β = 0.16, P < 0.001) as well as significant negative associations between voice intensity and emotional stability (eg, for the shouting voice, β = −0.15, P = 0.004) and conscientiousness (for the shouting voice, β = −0.10, P = 0.033). Regarding behavioral strengths and difficulties, we observed significant positive associations between voice intensity and peer-relationship problems (eg, for the conversational voice, β = 0.14, P = 0.001) and prosocial behavior (for the conversational voice, β = 0.11, P = 0.015). In contrast, no significant association was found between speaking fundamental frequency and personality or behavioral difficulties/strengths.

Conclusions

In children, associations exist between a child's speaking-voice intensity and his or her personality, especially extraversion and emotional stability, and behavioral characteristics.

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Cognitive enhancement with Salience Network electrical stimulation is influenced by network structural connectivity

Publication date: 15 January 2019

Source: NeuroImage, Volume 185

Author(s): Lucia M. Li, Ines R. Violante, Rob Leech, Adam Hampshire, Alexander Opitz, David McArthur, David W. Carmichael, David J. Sharp

Abstract

The Salience Network (SN) and its interactions are important for cognitive control. We have previously shown that structural damage to the SN is associated with abnormal functional connectivity between the SN and Default Mode Network (DMN), abnormal DMN deactivation, and impaired response inhibition, which is an important aspect of cognitive control. This suggests that stimulating the SN might enhance cognitive control. Here, we tested whether non-invasive transcranial direct current stimulation (TDCS) could be used to modulate activity within the SN and enhance cognitive control. TDCS was applied to the right inferior frontal gyrus/anterior insula cortex during performance of the Stop Signal Task (SST) and concurrent functional (f)MRI. Anodal TDCS improved response inhibition. Furthermore, stratification of participants based on SN structural connectivity showed that it was an important influence on both behavioural and physiological responses to anodal TDCS. Participants with high fractional anisotropy within the SN showed improved SST performance and increased activation of the SN with anodal TDCS, whilst those with low fractional anisotropy within the SN did not. Cathodal stimulation of the SN produced activation of the right caudate, an effect which was not modulated by SN structural connectivity. Our results show that stimulation targeted to the SN can improve response inhibition, supporting the causal influence of this network on cognitive control and confirming it as a target to produce cognitive enhancement. Our results also highlight the importance of structural connectivity as a modulator of network to TDCS, which should guide the design and interpretation of future stimulation studies.

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